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ENDNOTES
Greek Verbs. The Personal Endings; the Present Tense; the Indicative and Imperative Mood; and the Active, Passive and Middle Voice of the Greek verbs referred to in "The Action of Amger."
Regarding Greek verbs the Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 128, says: "Verbs are the most exciting part of the Greek language. Many times the theology of a passage, or a clearer insight into the nuance of the passage, is hidden in the aspect of the verb." And, the Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce on page 126 says: "Aspect. This is perhaps the most difficult concept to grasp in Greek verbs, and yet it is the most important and most misunderstood. The basic genius of the Greek verb is not its ability to indicate when the action of the verb occurs (time), but what type of action it describes, or what we call "aspect." The continous aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as an ongoing process. The undefined aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as a simple event, without commenting on whether or not it is a process."
Personal Endings. Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 164 says: "In Greek, as in all other languages, person and number are determined by the relation of the speaker or writer to the assertion contained in the verb." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 124 says: "In Greek, the verb agrees with its subject. It accomplishes this by using personal endings, which are suffixes added to the end of the verb."
Present Tense. A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 181, says: "The fundamental significance of the present tense is the idea of progress. It is the linear tense." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 129 says: "The present tense describes an action that usually occurs in the present time; the present tense can describe an ongoing action (continous aspect), or say nothing about the verb's aspect (undefined).
Indicative Mood. Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 124, says: "Mood refers to the relationship between the verb and reality. A verb is in the indicative if it is describing something that is, as opposed to something that may or might be. This includes statements and questions. And, A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 168 says: "The Indicative is the declarative mood, denoting a simple assertion or interrogation. It is the mood of certainty. It is significant of a simple fact, stated or inquired about."
Imperative Mood. A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 174, says: "The Imperative is the mood of command or entreaty--the mood of volition. It is the genius of the Imperative to express the appeal of will to will." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, pages 310-312, says: "There is no more forceful way in the Greek language to tell someone to do something than a simple imperative--particularly the second person imperative. Especially when such a command is given regarding a specific situation, the one giving that command sees himself as an authority figure. He expects those addressed to do exactly as he ordered." . . .
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33.4 Aspect. The imperative built on the present tense stem is called the present imperative and indicates a continous action. The imperative built on the aorist tense stem (without augment) is called the aorist imperative and indicates an undefined action. There is no time significance with the imperative. Once again we encourage the adoption of the terminology "continuous imperative" and "undefined imperative." Sometimes to get the significance of the aspect into English, you could use the key word "continually" in your translation of the present imperative, although this is somewhat stilted English: "continually eat."
Voice. Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 124, says: "Voice refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb. Voice is that property of the verbal idea which indicates how the subject is related to the action." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 126 says: Voice. Greek uses a different set of personal endings to differentiate the active from the passive.
Active Voice. A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 155, says: "The active voice describes the subject as producing the action or representing the state expressed by the verbal idea." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 124, says: "If the subject does the action of the verb, then the verb is in the active voice. "Bill hit the ball." "Hit" is in the active voice because the subject did the hitting."
Passive Voice. A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 161, says: "The passive voice is that use of the verb which denotes the subject as receiving the action." And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 124, says: "If the subject receives the action of the verb, the verb is in the passive voice. "Bill was hit by the ball." "Was hit" is the passive voice because the subject "Bill" was hit."
Middle Voice. A Manual Grammar of The New Testament by Dana and Mantey, page 156, says: The middle voice is that use of the verb which describes the subject as participating in the results of the action. And, Basics of Biblical Greek by William D. Mounce, page 230 says: "If a verb is in the active, then the subject does the action of the verb. If the verb is in the passive, then the subject receives the action of the verb. The classical definition of the middle voice is that the action of a verb in the middle voice in some way affects the subject. We call this the "self interest" nuance of the middle."
Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE ™. ©Copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. (www.Lockman.org.)
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